Facts About Prostate Cancer †Research Paper Outline Rough Draft

Facts About Prostate Cancer – Research Paper Outline Rough Draft Free Online Research Papers Facts About Prostate Cancer Research Paper Outline Rough Draft Background Information Second most common type of cancer in American men(400 000 men will die this year) Most people not die from it but with it Prostate is gland the size of an egg sandwiched between the bladder and rectum, protected by capsule(thin covering) Produces sperm 96% of cases are of men who are over the age of 55 Cancer Information Cause unknown Survival rate has increased drastically in the last 20 years, from 67% to 92% Growth of cancer cells is stimulated by male hormones, especially testosterone Begins when one or more normal cells transform into cancer cells Tends to grow slowly Stage 1(a.k.a. Stage A or T1) Tumour in prostate only, can’t be felt by DRE Stage 2(a.k.a. Stage B or T2) Still in Prostate, can be felt by DRE Stage 3(a.k.a. Stage C or T3) Tumour spreads to immediate surrounding tissue Stage 4(a.k.a. Stage D2 or M1) Tumour spreads to other parts of the body Symptoms Early cancer usually has no symptoms Can resemble BPH (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia), which can be confusing Non-cancerous enlargement is common in men over 40 Some symptoms include: Blood in urine/semen Frequent urination or inability to urinate Pain during urination/ejaculation Bone pain Diagnosis DRE (Digital Rectal Examination) Doctor inserts gloved and lubricated hand into rectum to feel shape and size of prostate Not entire prostate felt, but enough to determine tumours PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen) PSA produced by both cancerous and normal cells, but only prostate cells produce them When cancer develops and grows, PSA level usually increases Biopsy Only way to actually diagnose cancer Small tissue of prostate obtained and examined Treatment Options/ Recent Findings Treatment usually depends on the stage of cancer and its growth speed Radiation Therapy High energy rays used to kill prostate cancer cells, shrink tumours Uses sophisticated computer programs and 3-D images to accurately target the tumour(s) Conformal Proton Beam Radiation Therapy ? Newer form of radiation therapy ? Uses protons instead of energy rays ? A number of side effects that usually disappear when therapy is over Hormone Therapy Try and decrease production of male hormones or block effect on cancer cells Cannot cure cancer, but used to slow growth and reduce size of tumours Options include surgical removal of testes, and antiandrogens – drugs that prevent production of male hormones Estrogen Therapy ? Administration of estrogen that lowers production of testosterone LH-RH Therapy ? Leutenizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone that lowers levels testosterone Radical Prostatectory Surgical removal of prostate New nerve-sparing techniques have reduced side effects ? Lymph nodes that are sometimes removed are left alone if possible, using new techniques Brachytherapy Form of radiation treatment where tiny pellets containing radioactive material are implanted into the prostate, where they kill cancer cells Exact ultrasound guidance helps the implant ProstRcision Excision of prostate by irradiation Similar to radical prostatectory in concept, but no cutting involved Part 1: seeds implanted into prostate that carry radioactive material to treat cells by radiation Part 2: conformal beam radiation irradiates around the prostate Cyrosurgery Treats localized cancer by freezing/destroying prostate New interest in this technique due to improvements in technology Freezing process may damage nerves, as temperatures can drop to -195? C Chemotherapy Use of strong drugs to destroy cancer cells Drugs destroy any cells that divide rapidly Can affect normal body cells Firefly glow Scientists succeeded in tracking spread of prostate cancer in mice by using firefly proteins to light up tumours Virus-vector developed to target cancer cells based on expression of PSA Contain firefly genes that produce glowing protein in presence of PSA In mice, cancer cells glowed Using this vector, toxic genes could be delivered to cancer cells, but problems still need to be solved for human testing New Genetic Marker New test for diagnosing cancer, as PSA testing is still largely unreliable Researchers identified 20 genes that are overexpressed in cancer cells Roughly 95% of more than 300 prostate tissue samples contained a specific protein ( a-methyl-CoA racemase : AMACR) AMACR may be a useful addition to current diagnosing tools Also found AMACR in breast, bladder and lung cancer, suggesting that AMACR could be used in diagnosing those types of cancer Research Papers on Facts About Prostate Cancer - Research Paper Outline Rough DraftGenetic EngineeringPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThree Concepts of PsychodynamicBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andPETSTEL analysis of IndiaMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductResearch Process Part One